Nationalism

Nationalism in Europe

“Europe after the Congress of Vienna saw waves of nationalism sweeping across the continent. Nationalist movements brought the Italian speakers together to form a modern day Italy in the mid 19th century,while other empires struggled to barely maintain control over the many different peoples living within their borders.”

Nationalism : -Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. -An extreme form of this, esp. marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.

Stanford University defines Nationalism as......the attitude that the members of a nation have when they care about their national identity, common origin, ethnicity, cultural ties,the actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to achieve or sustain self-determination which means having full authority of the nation in domestic and foreign affairs.

Elements of Nationalism: Culture-Common culture leaves less space for disagreements. History- Shared history means a deeper connection. Language- Common language means less factors to separate people into groups. Religion- Common beliefs gives sense of unity. Territory - Shared land gives a sense of unity.

Who is in and who is out? Who defines which people belong in a national society? →The countries on the map located below are the ones in which nationalism is rising in. They are growing a desire for unity within nations. Does nationalism untie or divide? →Nationalism unites. It brings people together and creates a sense of unity. Nationalism causes people to try and erase those lines that reside within nations, the lines that are responsible for dividing countries. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Why did a strong sense of nationalism begin in Europe before other parts of the world? <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→A strong sense of nationalism began in Europe before other parts of the world because it has suffered through many obsticles. It's beginning to focus more on the country and the benefits of being united.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;"> <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">2.Some peope are shooting <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">3.Many of the people are dead/ injured <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">4.A flag being held up. (Green/Red/White) <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">5.Men on the lef side trying to move it. (White uniorms) <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">6. A man in red standing above the crowd pointing a <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">sword. || <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">1. They are the Red Shirts members <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">2.War <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">3.Casualties <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">4.Italian flag <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">5.Battle of Catalafimi - Galbaldi and troops succeeding in the battle. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">6.Garbaldi leading the Red Shirts (Fighting for the unification <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">of the Italian States) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">I SEE || <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">IT MEANS ||
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">1. People in red uniforms

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Based on this painting, I infer that the artist was a supporter of the Red Shirts because he focused on the victory of the Red Shirt during the battle of Catalafimi against the Sicilian troops. The artist includes the Italian flag to represent nationalism amongst the Red Shirt, and portrays Garbaldi as a strong leader by placing him higher than the rest of the people, unwounded, and standing strong.

<span style="color: #808080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">What do Sardinia, Austria, & France have to do with Italian reunification ?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→France is Italy's ally. It is supporting Italy on it's quest for freedom from Austria's rule. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→Austria is in control of the Italian State Gov'ts. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→Sardinia is the first Italian state to gain independance from Austrian rule.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Key Term || <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Definition ||
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Giuseppe Mazzini || <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">(1805–1872) Italian patriot; he formed the nationalist group called Young Italy to fight for the unification of the separate Italian states into one nation. ||
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Camilo di Cavour || <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">(1810–1861) Italian statesman and premier of the kingdom of Sardinia; architect of the Italian unification movement in the late 1800s. ||
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Giuseppe Garibaldi || <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">(1807–1882) Italian military and nationalist leader; he unified the southern states of Italy and joined them to the north to form the united Kingdom of Italy. ||
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Victor Emmanuel || <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">(1820–1878) King of Sardinia-Piedmont from 1849 to 1861 and king of Italy from 1861 to 1878; he was the first king of a united Italy. ||
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Red Shirts || <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Army of volunteer troops led by Giuseppe Garibaldi; in 1860 they attacked the island of Sicily and won it for the Italians ||
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Il Risorgimento || <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Means resurgence or rebirth, The national newspaper founded by Camilo di Cavour movement for Italian unification and freedom from Austrian control. ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Path Toward Unity - Ch 10.1 <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">to be unsuccessful? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-What did Cavour and Garibaldi do <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">that causedtheir rebellions and revolts <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">to succeed? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-Perhaps if they had a good relationship <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">with France at that time, then France <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">probably wouldn't have helped the pope <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">regain control over Rome. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-I wonder of Austria did anything to Cavour for <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">starting that nationalist newspaper inspiring <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">others to revolt against Austrian rule. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-I wonder how Cavour got into politics <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-That was a smart move on Cavour's part. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">By creatingand maintaining a good <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">relationship with France, and <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">supporting it in it's time of need, Cavour <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">succeeded in finding a strong ally. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The number of rebellions increased as did the growing <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">desire for nationalism. Many of these rebellions were <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">unsuccessful. Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">rose to lead a rebellion that resulted in success <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">__ Uprisings and Revolutions __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1848 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→ Italian citizens were rebelling against Austrian rule. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→There were many defeats such as the Piedmont’s <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">when they went into a war against Austria. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1849 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→Revolutionaries seized Rome. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→They set up a republic that Mazzini and two others <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">leaders governed. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→French troops helped pope regain control of Rome. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Successful revolt (only one) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→Sardinia <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→Forced rulers into granting a new constitution. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→Sardinia remained independent. <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">__ Cavour and Sardinia __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cavour <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→founded a nationalist newspaper called Il Risorgimento, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">which means “resurgence” or “rebirth.” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→Il Risorgimento. : movement for Italian unification and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">freedom from Austrian control <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1852 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→Cavour became prime minister of the independent <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Kingdom of Sardinia <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→Focused on building the Sardinian economy. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→Supported Italy becoming a monarchy. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→Supported France in a war w/ Russia.( Gave them <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">provinces of Savoy and Nice) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→This led to France joining with Italy in war against Austria. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→Plan = Success <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1860 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">→The northern Italian states were liberated from the control <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">of the Austrian Empire. ||
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Comments/ Connections. Questions || <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Notes Important Events, Important People. ||
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">-What caused many of those rebellions

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #808080; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Map Analysis <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-The Kingdom of Sardinia first attacked from Genoa to Tuscany, then Sicily and later dispersed onto the east of Sicily. Then going onto the south west tip of Italy, then going north with a curve towards Naples. Italy was becoming more and more unified with each territory added. Venetia was the only land that was still under control of the Austria. Due to Garbaldi and the spreading sense of nationalism, Italy was able to become unified.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: 'arial black',gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Italian Reunification <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→Mazzini and Young Italy smuggled Italian pamphlets to inspire uprisings against Austria. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→ Covour become Prime Minister of Sardinia <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→Garbaldi is exhiled to S America. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→ Garbaldi returns to Italy and leads the the army against Austria. || <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→Many outbreaks and Rebellions against Austria's rule. <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→These panphlets contributed to the desire for nationalism in the hearts of the Italians. <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→ Forms allies by supporting France in a war with Russia. Russia <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">then supports Sardinia with the rebellion against Austria <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→He learns methods for Guerrilla Wars. Uses methods to fight against Austria when he returned to Italy. <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→ Italy takes Lombardy. ||
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">CAUSE || <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">EFFECT ||
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">→Stonger desire for Nationalism

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #808080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">After the reunification, Garibaldi returned to Italy in 1854 and settled in Caprera northeast of Sardinia He separated politically from Mazzini and formed an alliance with Victor Emmanuel II, the king of Sardinia, and his premier, Conte Camillo Benso di Cavour. In 1860 he conquered Sicily and set up a provisional insular government. In 1861 he conquered Naples and gave it to Victor Emmanuel in 1861 and headed home to Caprera. An United Italy was established in 1861 with Victor Emmanuel as king.

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**VIDEO ANALYSIS -**

**→Why is Napoleon so ready to asist Cavour?** **→How does Napoleon benefit from any of this?** **→Does Cavour get revenge on Napoleon for leaving them midway like that?** **→I agree with Napoleons decision to withdraw from the war and make a treaty with Austria because odds are Napoleon would suffer many casualties.**

**Italians felt the need to unify because they were already similar and by unifying, they would just be making themselves even stronger. They already shared a common language (Italian), they shared the same history such as being under Napoleon's rule then seperating after Napoleon. They also lived in the same territory.**

**The motivation came from the sense of Nationalism. Under Napoleon's rule, they've experienced how the sense of Nastionalism made them stronger. They wanted that feeling back.**

**I predeict that in the near future, Italy won't be that stong when it comes to economic power. They have been so caught up in unifying that their**
 * economic power didn't make it in their list of priorities.**

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**GLOG - RUSSIAN NATIONALISM-** **Scroll to see the whole thing :)**

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